Ag Alert reports that regulatory compliance cost a small, 8,500-case Napa County winery an estimated $203,832 annually when wine production and direct-to-consumer sales requirements were combined. This amounted to $23.65 per case, or 17.5% of production costs, with labour, water regulation, alcohol licensing and interstate shipping compliance among the largest expenses. The researchers caution that the study examined only one winery, but say it provides a baseline for understanding the cumulative impact of federal, state and local regulations.